Early herald wave outbreaks of influenza in 1916 prior to the pandemic of 1918
Identifieur interne : 001842 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001841; suivant : 001843Early herald wave outbreaks of influenza in 1916 prior to the pandemic of 1918
Auteurs : J. S Oxford [Royaume-Uni] ; A. Sefton [Royaume-Uni] ; R. Jackson [Royaume-Uni] ; W. Innes [Royaume-Uni] ; R. S Daniels [Royaume-Uni] ; N. P. A. S Johnson [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- International congress series [ 0531-5131 ] ; 2001.
English descriptors
- Teeft :
- Aldershot barracks, Annual report, Bronchitis, Cyanosis, Early outbreaks, Elsevier science, Etaples, Explosive outbreaks, Great pandemic, Heliotrope, Heliotrope cyanosis, High mortality, Influenza, Influenza activity, Influenza deaths, International congress series, Norway, Outbreak, Pandemic, Pandemic virus, Purulent, Purulent bronchitis, Respiratory disease, Short period, Statistical yearbooks, Unusual level, Young adults, Young persons.
Abstract
Abstract: The 1918 outbreak dwarfed the immediately preceding pandemic of 1889 and the subsequent 1957 and 1968 pandemics in mortality and morbidity. In retrospect, much can be learnt about the source, the possibly subterranean spread of virus and the genetic basis of virulence. In the recent pandemics of 1957 and 1968, there were so-called ‘herald waves’ either in the summer months, or in particular countries up to 6 months before more worldwide outbreaks. These localised outbreaks would lengthen the time available for preparation of new vaccines and stockpiling of antiviral compounds. We present new epidemiological and mortality evidence of early outbreaks of influenza in France, UK, Norway, Germany and USA in the years 1915 to 1917. Certain of these focal outbreaks which had a very high mortality in the young occurred during the winter months, and were respiratory with a heliotrope cyanosis so prominent in the clinical diagnosis in the world outbreak of 1918. Thus, the upturn of influenza activity in Norway in 1916 was associated with an unusual level of mortality in young adults. Similarly, the outbreak at Etaples in France and Aldershot barracks in the UK in 1916–1917 caused mortality in 25–35 year olds. We deduce from an analysis of these outbreaks that early focal outbreaks occurred mainly in Europe and on the balance of probability the Great Pandemic was not initiated in Spain in 1918 but possibly in another European country, either France or England, in 1915, 1916 or 1917.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/S0531-5131(01)00336-3
Affiliations:
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S" last="Oxford">J. S Oxford</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology and Retroscreen Ltd. (http://www.retroscreen.com) Virology, St. Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, London E1 4NS</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>London E1 4NS</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sefton, A" sort="Sefton, A" uniqKey="Sefton A" first="A" last="Sefton">A. Sefton</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology and Retroscreen Ltd. (http://www.retroscreen.com) Virology, St. Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, London E1 4NS</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>London E1 4NS</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jackson, R" sort="Jackson, R" uniqKey="Jackson R" first="R" last="Jackson">R. Jackson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology and Retroscreen Ltd. (http://www.retroscreen.com) Virology, St. Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, London E1 4NS</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>London E1 4NS</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Innes, W" sort="Innes, W" uniqKey="Innes W" first="W" last="Innes">W. Innes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Microbiology and Retroscreen Ltd. (http://www.retroscreen.com) Virology, St. Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, London E1 4NS</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>London E1 4NS</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Daniels, R S" sort="Daniels, R S" uniqKey="Daniels R" first="R. S" last="Daniels">R. S Daniels</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Virology Division, NIMR, London NW7 1AA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>London NW7 1AA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, N P A S" sort="Johnson, N P A S" uniqKey="Johnson N" first="N. P. A. S" last="Johnson">N. P. A. S Johnson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EN</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">International congress series</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">ICS</title><idno type="ISSN">0531-5131</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2001">2001</date><biblScope unit="volume">1219</biblScope><biblScope unit="supplement">C</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="155">155</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="161">161</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0531-5131</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0531-5131</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Aldershot barracks</term><term>Annual report</term><term>Bronchitis</term><term>Cyanosis</term><term>Early outbreaks</term><term>Elsevier science</term><term>Etaples</term><term>Explosive outbreaks</term><term>Great pandemic</term><term>Heliotrope</term><term>Heliotrope cyanosis</term><term>High mortality</term><term>Influenza</term><term>Influenza activity</term><term>Influenza deaths</term><term>International congress series</term><term>Norway</term><term>Outbreak</term><term>Pandemic</term><term>Pandemic virus</term><term>Purulent</term><term>Purulent bronchitis</term><term>Respiratory disease</term><term>Short period</term><term>Statistical yearbooks</term><term>Unusual level</term><term>Young adults</term><term>Young persons</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Abstract: The 1918 outbreak dwarfed the immediately preceding pandemic of 1889 and the subsequent 1957 and 1968 pandemics in mortality and morbidity. In retrospect, much can be learnt about the source, the possibly subterranean spread of virus and the genetic basis of virulence. In the recent pandemics of 1957 and 1968, there were so-called ‘herald waves’ either in the summer months, or in particular countries up to 6 months before more worldwide outbreaks. These localised outbreaks would lengthen the time available for preparation of new vaccines and stockpiling of antiviral compounds. We present new epidemiological and mortality evidence of early outbreaks of influenza in France, UK, Norway, Germany and USA in the years 1915 to 1917. Certain of these focal outbreaks which had a very high mortality in the young occurred during the winter months, and were respiratory with a heliotrope cyanosis so prominent in the clinical diagnosis in the world outbreak of 1918. Thus, the upturn of influenza activity in Norway in 1916 was associated with an unusual level of mortality in young adults. Similarly, the outbreak at Etaples in France and Aldershot barracks in the UK in 1916–1917 caused mortality in 25–35 year olds. We deduce from an analysis of these outbreaks that early focal outbreaks occurred mainly in Europe and on the balance of probability the Great Pandemic was not initiated in Spain in 1918 but possibly in another European country, either France or England, in 1915, 1916 or 1917.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Royaume-Uni</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Angleterre de l'Est</li></region><settlement><li>Cambridge</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Cambridge</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Oxford, J S" sort="Oxford, J S" uniqKey="Oxford J" first="J. S" last="Oxford">J. S Oxford</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Daniels, R S" sort="Daniels, R S" uniqKey="Daniels R" first="R. S" last="Daniels">R. S Daniels</name><name sortKey="Innes, W" sort="Innes, W" uniqKey="Innes W" first="W" last="Innes">W. Innes</name><name sortKey="Jackson, R" sort="Jackson, R" uniqKey="Jackson R" first="R" last="Jackson">R. Jackson</name><name sortKey="Johnson, N P A S" sort="Johnson, N P A S" uniqKey="Johnson N" first="N. P. A. S" last="Johnson">N. P. A. S Johnson</name><name sortKey="Sefton, A" sort="Sefton, A" uniqKey="Sefton A" first="A" last="Sefton">A. Sefton</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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